Innate immune response to oral bacteria and the immune evasive characteristics of periodontal pathogens
نویسندگان
چکیده
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of periodontal tissue caused by subgingival plaque-associated bacteria. Periodontitis has long been understood to be the result of an excessive host response to plaque bacteria. In addition, periodontal pathogens have been regarded as the causative agents that induce a hyperinflammatory response from the host. In this brief review, host-microbe interaction of nonperiodontopathic versus periodontopathic bacteria with innate immune components encountered in the gingival sulcus will be described. In particular, we will describe the susceptibility of these microbes to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and phagocytosis by neutrophils, the induction of tissue-destructive mediators from neutrophils, the induction of AMPs and interleukin (IL)-8 from gingival epithelial cells, and the pattern recognition receptors that mediate the regulation of AMPs and IL-8 in gingival epithelial cells. This review indicates that true periodontal pathogens are poor activators/suppressors of a host immune response, and they evade host defense mechanisms.
منابع مشابه
Complementary Tolls in the periodontium: how periodontal bacteria modify complement and Toll-like receptor responses to prevail in the host.
Innate immunity is a phylogenetically ancient system of host defense and represents the inherited resistance to infection (75). Until relatively recently, the innate immune response was viewed as a nonspecific and temporary expedient to buy time until the activation of adaptive immunity, which comprises the system of B and T lymphocytes, each of which expresses antigen receptors of exquisite sp...
متن کاملInnate Immunity Plays a Key Role in Leishmania Infection: Implications for Vaccine Design
Neutrophils are part of the first line of immune response and are essential for resistance against a variety of pathogens. They professionally mediate direct killing of pathogens, recruit other phagocytes by specific chemokines, produce cytokines and interact with different immune cells to shape the adaptive response. Leishmania as an obligatory intracellular parasite has evolved to benefit thi...
متن کاملPeriodontal Disease and Gingival Innate Immunity – Who Has the Upper Hand?
Dental plaque is a complex microbial biofilm that forms at high cell density in the oral cavity by the successive accumulation of hundreds of different species of bacteria. Both host immune and bacterial factors are involved in the progression from healthy to diseased state in plaque biofilm, and in the oral cavity, gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are one of the first host cell types that enco...
متن کاملP-17: Expression of Cell Surface Toll-Like Receptors in the Human Male Reproductive Tract
Background: Male infertility refers to the inability of a male to achieve a pregnancy in a fertile female. The root of many causes of infertility is miscommunication between immune and reproductive system. Male reproductive system is very sensitive and vulnerable, infections can hinder maturation and movement of spermatozoa lead to impaired fertility.All species need an immediate reply to the m...
متن کاملNOD1 and NOD2 mediate sensing of periodontal pathogens.
In bacterial infection, Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 induce innate immune responses by recognizing fragments of the bacterial component peptidoglycan (PGN). To determine the roles of these receptors in detection of periodontal pathogens, we stimulated human embryonic kidney cells expressing NOD1 or NOD2 with heat-killed Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter act...
متن کامل